β The Fifteenth Amendment was passed by Congress on February 26, 1869 and ratified on February 3rd, 1870.
π The Reconstruction period took place from the end of the Civil War in April 1865 to the beginning of 1877.
π The core of the Reconstruction period consisted of three amendments that brought significant changes to the application of laws in the South.
π The 15th Amendment to the Constitution grants the right to vote to all citizens of the United States, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
π½ The 14th Amendment protected civil rights but not political rights, which led to the need for the 15th Amendment to ensure equal voting rights for African Americans.
ποΈ The Reconstruction Republicans recognized that southern states might deny African Americans the right to vote, and the 15th Amendment aimed to prevent this while also addressing their representation in Congress.
π½ The 15th Amendment allowed freed slaves to vote, but southern states used various tactics to prevent African Americans from voting.
π° Southern states implemented grandfather clauses and poll taxes to disenfranchise African Americans.
π€ The Supreme Court, including Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, upheld these tactics, denying African Americans the right to vote until the 1960s Civil Rights Movement.
βοΈ The Reconstruction Amendments, including the 15th Amendment, were undermined and made irrelevant within ten years of passage.
βοΈ During the rise of Jim Crow, the Supreme Court upheld segregation and struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
π Southern states consistently denied the promise of Reconstruction and the Amendments, while the Supreme Court consistently sided with the South.
π‘ The Plessy vs. Ferguson case in 1890 allowed railroad segregation, claiming it was consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment.
π‘ Justice Harlan dissented, stating that the Constitution is colorblind and does not tolerate classes among citizens.
π‘ The Supreme Court overturned Plessy in 1954, recognizing segregation as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
π Baseball integration and changing public opinion about segregation.
π₯ Court striking down school segregation and national opposition to segregation.
π The concept of separate but equal and its repudiation by Brown v. Board of Education.
π The Reconstruction Amendments were passed between 1865 and 1870.
π³οΈ The 15th Amendment came into full force with the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
β The civil rights movement played a vital role in making these rights a reality.
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