๐งฌ Translation is the process of using mRNA to make proteins.
โ๏ธ The genetic code consists of codons, which are triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids.
๐ก mRNA contains codons made up of nucleotides, and there are 64 different types of codons.
๐งฌ The genetic code is consistent and non-overlapping, except for viruses.
๐งฌ The genetic code is redundant, except for the two exceptions: methionine and tryptophan.
๐งฌ The wobble effect in tRNA allows for flexibility in amino acid coding, reducing the risk of mutations.
๐งฌ The process of translation involves the identification of tRNA, charging with amino acids, and the interaction with ribosomes.
โ Ribosomes play a crucial role in translation, and there are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.
๐ The phases of translation include initiation, elongation, and termination, with variations between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
๐งฌ The start codon is identified by the Shine Delgarno sequence, which is located upstream from the start codon and contains adenines and guanines.
๐งฌ Initiation factors and small ribosomal subunits bind the Shine Delgarno sequence and move towards the start codon.
๐งฌ The initiator tRNA, containing the fmet amino acid, is brought to the start codon by initiation factors.
๐งฌ Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases.
๐ In elongation, amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain in the A site. The peptidyl transferase enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the amino acid from the P site to the A site.
โจ Translocation then occurs, moving the tRNA from the P site to the E site and the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site.
๐งฌ The translation process is stopped by a release factor that binds to the stop codon, stops translation, and cuts the peptide in the P site.
๐ฌ Translation can occur on either free ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum, depending on the destination of the protein.
๐ฅ Proteins synthesized on rough endoplasmic reticulum are either secreted, embedded in the cell membrane, or become part of lysosomes.
๐งฌ Translation process stops when a stop codon is reached, and the peptide is released into the rough endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.
๐ Proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are essential for secretion, membrane incorporation, and lysosomal functions.
๐งช Proteins synthesized by free ribosomes are important for cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal functions.
๐ฌ Proteins undergo various modifications, including glycosylation, lipidation, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, and trimming.
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