๐๏ธ Glacial systems are natural systems that form ice sheets and glaciers and have effects on the landscape.
๐ Inputs to a glacial system include snowfall and avalanches, while outputs include melt water and moraine.
โ๏ธ The balance between inputs and outputs is known as the glacial budget, which determines the mass gained or lost by the glacier.
๐๏ธ The mass lost and gained by a glacier determines its budget, with positive budgets indicating growth and negative budgets indicating shrinkage.
๐ก๏ธ The snow line of a glacier is influenced by factors such as slope aspect and position, with more insulation leading to higher snow lines and increased melting.
๐บ๏ธ Glacial budgets can vary on different sides of a slope, with the southern side having a higher chance of snow advance and the northern side having a lower snow line and more permanent snow cover.
โ๏ธ The initial snowfall has a open structure with lots of air pockets, known as nevaeh or fresh snow.
๐ง As the fresh snow accumulates, it becomes more compact and the air is expelled, turning the color from white to pale blue.
๐๏ธ If the accumulated snow becomes large enough, it will transform into a glacier over a period of 20 to 40 years.
๐๏ธ Glaciers have two zones: accumulation and ablation. In the accumulation zone, inputs are greater than outputs, resulting in mass gain.
โ๏ธ The equilibrium line is the boundary between the zones of ablation and accumulation, where net loss is equal to net gain.
๐๐ The glacial budget is determined by the difference between accumulation and ablation. A positive net balance indicates glacier advance, while a negative net balance indicates glacier retreat.
Glaciers advance and retreat based on the balance of inputs and outputs.
Glaciers can be warm-based or cold-based depending on their location.
Warm-based glaciers are smaller valley glaciers, while cold-based glaciers are larger ice caps and ice sheets.
โ๏ธ The differences between warm-based and cold-based glaciers are due to the climate they are located in, resulting in different glacial budgets.
๐ Warm-based glaciers have high melt rates due to high winter snowfall and summer temperature, leading to fast movement and a thin layer of fresh snow on the surface.
๐ป Cold-based glaciers have low precipitation and melt rates, resulting in slow movement and a build-up of ancient ice over thousands of years.
๐ง Glaciation involves the separation of icebergs under pressure from the main body of the glacier.
๐ The glacial budget is the balance between the inputs and outputs to the glacier, determining its growth or retreat.
โณ The glacial budget can be analyzed in terms of zones of the glacier or time scales, such as seasons or years.
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