π Post-colonial studies aim to dismantle the Eurocentric worldview and amplify the voices of the oppressed.
π Gayatri Chakraborty Spivak's ethical intervention focuses on her work with the subaltern, both as an academic and activist.
π Spivak's influential essay 'Can the subaltern speak?' explores the concept of the subaltern in the field of post-colonial studies.
π Colonial rule and subjugation shaped the upbringing of post-colonial theorist Spivak.
π A nexus between British colonialists and middle-class nationalists impacted the violence experienced by Spivak.
π The partition of India and Pakistan led to horrific violence, with cities like Calcutta witnessing bloodshed and crime.
π Spivak's intellectual horizon was shaped by leftist political engagement and exposure to British literature.
π She gained international recognition as a critic for her translation and commentary on Jacques Derrida's de la grammatologie.
π One of Spivak's most influential works is 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' which explores the concept of the subaltern.
π The term 'subaltern' originated from the military and refers to a subordinate group.
π‘ Hegemony is a mode of exercising authority, where the ruling class convinces the population that their interests align.
π Antonio Gramsci argued that non-coercive assertion of authority is more effective than physical force.
π The lecture discusses the concept of hegemony and how the middle class in post-colonial India has exerted its authority over other groups.
π― The middle class has been able to convince the entire nation that their interests align with the national interest, resulting in middle class heroes being seen as national representatives.
π The subaltern studies collective, led by influential historians, explored post-colonial societies, particularly in South Asia, and examined the power dynamics between the elite and the subaltern.
π The term 'elite' refers to the sections of society with political and economic agency.
π The subaltern is defined as those who do not fall under the category of elite and lack social and political agency.
π According to Gayatri Spivak, the subaltern is unable to speak and generate discourse due to power dynamics in society.
π In a society that views reproductive heterosexuality as the norm, homosexuals are positioned as the subaltern, lacking agency to define their own identities and generate meaningful discourse.
π While the subaltern can physically speak, their speech is not considered meaningful or heard by society, similar to how the speech of a mad person is disregarded.
π The concept of the subaltern's inability to speak and be heard will be further explored using the writings of Kiva and a story by Marcia the TV in upcoming lectures.
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