🧬 Translation is the process of using mRNA to make proteins.
⚙️ The genetic code consists of codons, which are triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids.
🔡 mRNA contains codons made up of nucleotides, and there are 64 different types of codons.
🧬 The genetic code is consistent and non-overlapping, except for viruses.
🧬 The genetic code is redundant, except for the two exceptions: methionine and tryptophan.
🧬 The wobble effect in tRNA allows for flexibility in amino acid coding, reducing the risk of mutations.
🧬 The process of translation involves the identification of tRNA, charging with amino acids, and the interaction with ribosomes.
✅ Ribosomes play a crucial role in translation, and there are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.
📝 The phases of translation include initiation, elongation, and termination, with variations between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
🧬 The start codon is identified by the Shine Delgarno sequence, which is located upstream from the start codon and contains adenines and guanines.
🧬 Initiation factors and small ribosomal subunits bind the Shine Delgarno sequence and move towards the start codon.
🧬 The initiator tRNA, containing the fmet amino acid, is brought to the start codon by initiation factors.
🧬 Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases.
📜 In elongation, amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain in the A site. The peptidyl transferase enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the amino acid from the P site to the A site.
✨ Translocation then occurs, moving the tRNA from the P site to the E site and the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site.
🧬 The translation process is stopped by a release factor that binds to the stop codon, stops translation, and cuts the peptide in the P site.
🔬 Translation can occur on either free ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum, depending on the destination of the protein.
👥 Proteins synthesized on rough endoplasmic reticulum are either secreted, embedded in the cell membrane, or become part of lysosomes.
🧬 Translation process stops when a stop codon is reached, and the peptide is released into the rough endoplasmic reticulum's lumen.
📚 Proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are essential for secretion, membrane incorporation, and lysosomal functions.
🧪 Proteins synthesized by free ribosomes are important for cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal functions.
🔬 Proteins undergo various modifications, including glycosylation, lipidation, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, and trimming.
Big Bang! In Viaggio nello Spazio con Margherita Hack - La Teoria del Big Bang
What is Coding?
PKN Seri 3 (edisi revisi) Ideologi Pancasila diantara Ideologi lain di Dunia
My Sister Copies Everything I Do, But I Made Her Regret It
AULA 8/26 DE ELETRICIDADE - Eletricidade e Água Hidroelétrica
Why is Punctuation so Important? | Punctuation Tips