Atoms are not simply spherical balls, but have complex orbital shapes.
Molecules are formed by the overlapping of electron clouds around bonded atoms.
Water is a common and fascinating molecule with unique properties.
๐ Water on Europa, one of the moons in our solar system, is likely salty and frozen.
๐ฌ Water molecules in a water molecule are bent due to the repulsion between the partially charged hydrogen atoms.
โ Understanding the unique properties of water is essential for studying quantum mechanics.
๐ Electrons are particles and waves that exist as excitations in an electron field.
๐ Electrons can be described by mathematical functions called wavefunctions, which represent the probability of finding an electron in a certain location.
๐ก Electrons occupy different orbital shapes, with the simplest being the spherical 's' orbital and the more complex 'p' orbitals.
๐ Orbitals are the paths where electrons are found in an atom, and different sublevels have different orbital shapes.
๐ The 's' orbitals are simple and spherical, the 'p' orbitals are strange, and the 'd' and 'f' orbitals are very complex.
โ When 's' and 'p' orbitals interact, they can hybridize to form 'sp' hybrid orbitals, creating a tetrahedral shape.
๐ In water, the oxygen atom has eight electrons arranged in sp3 hybrid orbitals.
๐ง The polarity of water is due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen.
๐ Other hybridizations, such as sp2 and sp, can also occur in bonding.
๐ Orbitals are the regions around an atom where electrons are found.
๐ Different types of orbitals, such as s, p, d, and f orbitals, have different shapes and can participate in different types of chemical bonds.
๐ The arrangement of orbitals determines the shape and properties of molecules.
Particles are clustered arrangements of potential electron locations determined by complex wave functions.
Water is a non-symmetrical molecule due to the hybridized sp3 orbitals of oxygen, allowing for tetrahedral structures.
Hybridized s and p orbitals, such as sp2 and sp, enable double and triple bonds using sigma and pi bonds.
d orbitals can also contribute to hybridization, resulting in fascinating three-dimensional shapes.
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