Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions

🔬 Qualitative analysis of cations and anions can be performed using four methods: precipitation, flame test, gas-forming reactions, and color changes.

🧪 Cations can be classified into five groups based on their behavior with specific reagents.

⚗️ Group 1 cations precipitate with hydrochloric acid, group 2 cations precipitate with hydrogen sulfide or potassium iodide, group 3 cations do not precipitate with group 1 and 2 reagents but do with ammonia or sodium hydroxide, and group 4 cations do not precipitate with group 1 to 3 reagents.

🔑 Different groups of cations can be identified based on their reactions to various reagents.

🔬 Group 1 cations can be precipitated with hydrochloric acid, while groups 2 to 5 cations do not react.

🧪 After precipitation, some of the formed precipitates dissolve in hot water, while others remain undissolved.

🔍 Qualitative analysis of cations and anions involves the identification of lead, mercury, and silver ions.

🧪 Specific reagents like acetic acid, potassium chromate, and hydrogen sulfide are used to test for lead ions.

🔬 Lead ions form orange precipitate with potassium chromate and black precipitate with hydrogen sulfide, indicating their presence.

🔬 Qualitative analysis of cations and anions.

⚗️ Specific tests for mercury, lead, bismuth, copper, and cadmium ions.

🟡🔴 Yellow precipitate for arsenic cations, red-brown precipitate for copper ions.

🔵 Identification of copper and cadmium ions.

🟣 Purple solution indicates the presence of tin ions.

Qualitative analysis of group 3-5 cations and anions.

Group 3 cations can be distinguished by adding ammonia and ammonium chloride.

Group 3a cations form green precipitate when reacted with specific reagents.

1️⃣ Golongan 5 cannot form precipitates with ammonium carbonate.

2️⃣ Barium ions are indicated by the formation of yellow barium chromate precipitate.

3️⃣ Group 5 cations do not precipitate and are tested specifically for strontium and calcium ions.

🔍 Qualitative analysis of cations and anions.

🧪 Group 1 anions form precipitates, while group 2 anions undergo redox reactions.

🔬 Group 1 anions include sulfate, phosphate, and chromate, among others.